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ELAN LANGUAGES

Active
Public limited companyfounded 1994active for 32 yearsMarktplein 13, 3550 Heusden-Zolder, BelgiumKBO/BCE: BE 0453.420.164
Summary

ELAN LANGUAGES has been active since 1994 and the Belgian Official Gazette contains no insolvency or warning signals. The 2025 annual accounts show equity of €2.1m and a net result of €1.7m. Equity remains stable across the filed financial years (±1.1% per year). Its solvency ranks better than 17% of 576 sector peers (NACE 85, financial year 2025). The computed 12-month bankruptcy probability is 0.1% (very low).

Financials · financial year 2025, full format

Turnover
€8.3m▼ 15.8%
2024 · €9.9m
EBIT margin
4.0%▼ 4.6pp
2024 · 8.5%
Net result
€1.7m▼ 19.5%
2024 · €2.1m
Working capital
-€524,788
2024 · €133,339
Trend over the years

2021 to 2025, 5 financial years 2018 to 2025, 8 financial years

The operating result falls in 2025; 2025 is 61% below 2024.

What the company sold each financial year and what was left of it. A loss stands below the zero line.

Turnover€8.3m 2025 Operating result€0.3m 2025 Net result€1.7m 2025

Use the arrow keys on the chart for the figures per year.

Sector: the middle half of NACE 85, Education: a quarter of companies sit below it, a quarter above. Each year compared with accounts in the same format, and only where there are at least 30. Dashed line: the median. Available for Net result, Equity, Total assets, Working capital, Solvency, Current ratio, Return on assets (ROA), Staff (FTE).

Every figure with its change against the financial year before
favourable unfavourable
Line20182019202020212022202320242025
Turnover€10.0m€10.5m▲ 4.5%€9.9m▼ 5.7%€8.3m▼ 15.8%
Operating result€0.2m-€0.2m▼ 19.6%€0.7m▲ 334%€1.5m▲ 115%€0.9m▼ 41.6%€0.3m▼ 69.6%€0.8m▲ 210%€0.3m▼ 60.9%
Net result€0.2m-€0.1m▼ 43.0%€0.5mabove the sector's middle half▲ 369%€1.1mabove the sector's middle half▲ 120%€0.6mabove the sector's middle half▼ 42.7%€1.5mabove the sector's middle half▲ 138%€2.1mabove the sector's middle half▲ 34.0%€1.7mabove the sector's middle half▼ 19.5%
EBIT margin8.9%2.6%▼ 6.3pp8.5%▲ 5.9pp4.0%▼ 4.6pp
Equity€1.1m-€1.2m▲ 10.3%€1.4mwithin the sector's middle half▲ 18.8%€1.2mwithin the sector's middle half▼ 15.3%€1.2mabove the sector's middle half▲ 0.4%€1.2mwithin the sector's middle half▲ 0.3%€1.2mwithin the sector's middle half▲ 0.4%€2.1mabove the sector's middle half▲ 72.4%
Total assets€2.9m-€3.2m▲ 8.7%€2.7mwithin the sector's middle half▼ 13.9%€4.2mwithin the sector's middle half▲ 52.8%€3.6mabove the sector's middle half▼ 14.7%€19.1mabove the sector's middle half▲ 436%€20.3mabove the sector's middle half▲ 5.8%€20.8mabove the sector's middle half▲ 2.5%
Debt€1.8m-€2.0m▲ 7.8%€1.3m▼ 33.3%€3.0m▲ 125%€2.4m▼ 20.7%€17.9m▲ 656%€19.1m▲ 6.2%€18.7m▼ 1.9%
Working capital€0.4m-€0.5m▲ 24.6%€0.9mwithin the sector's middle half▲ 66.8%€1.0mwithin the sector's middle half▲ 14.5%€1.2mabove the sector's middle half▲ 18.2%€0.3mwithin the sector's middle half▼ 75.2%€0.1mwithin the sector's middle half▼ 55.8%-€0.5mbelow the sector's middle half
Solvency36.7%-37.2%▲ 0.5pp51.4%within the sector's middle half▲ 14.2pp28.5%below the sector's middle half▼ 22.9pp33.5%within the sector's middle half▲ 5.0pp6.3%below the sector's middle half▼ 27.3pp5.9%below the sector's middle half▼ 0.3pp10.0%below the sector's middle half▲ 4.0pp
Current ratio1.29-1.39▲ 0.091.91within the sector's middle half▲ 0.521.40below the sector's middle half▼ 0.501.63within the sector's middle half▲ 0.231.10below the sector's middle half▼ 0.531.04below the sector's middle half▼ 0.060.85below the sector's middle half▼ 0.19
Return on assets (ROA)6.6%-3.5%▼ 3.1pp18.9%above the sector's middle half▲ 15.4pp27.1%above the sector's middle half▲ 8.3pp18.2%above the sector's middle half▼ 8.9pp8.1%above the sector's middle half▼ 10.1pp10.2%above the sector's middle half▲ 2.2pp8.0%above the sector's middle half▼ 2.2pp
Staff (FTE)28.1-29.2▲ 3.9%31.6above the sector's middle half▲ 8.2%34.1above the sector's middle half▲ 7.9%39.6above the sector's middle half▲ 16.1%46.4above the sector's middle half▲ 17.2%46.7above the sector's middle half▲ 0.6%42.4above the sector's middle half▼ 9.2%
above within below the middle half of NACE 85, Education: a quarter of companies sit below it, a quarter above. Each year compared with accounts in the same format, and only where there are at least 30.
Why a figure moved sharply
  • 2023 Net result +138%, Total assets +436% on 2022. Merger absorbing THE EUROPEAN TRAINING HOUSE, effective 01-10-2023.
Balance-sheet composition
2025 in colour, 2024 as the grey bar beneath
Assets €20.8m
Fixed assets €17.9m ▲ 6.8%
Current assets €2.9m ▼ 17.9%
Equity and liabilities €20.8m
Equity €2.1m ▲ 72.4%
Debt €18.7m ▼ 1.9%
Debt's share of the balance-sheet total falls from 94.1% to 90.0%. Equity is higher and debt is lower.
Key figures and ratios
2025 value · change against 2024
EBITDA
€501,904▼
2024 · €1.0m
Cash flow
€1.8m▼
2024 · €2.2m
Debt to equity
9.01▼
2024 · 15.84
ROE
80.6%▼
2024 · 172.4%
Interest coverage
0.76▼
2024 · 1.25
Debt ≤ 1 year
€3.4m▲
2024 · €3.4m
Debt > 1 year
€14.7m▼
2024 · €15.0m
Income taxes
€462▲
2024 · €410
Staff costs
€2.9m▼
2024 · €3.1m
Green means a favourable move, even when the figure itself falls: as with debt or debt to equity.
Annual accounts
Filed annual accounts As filed with the NBB · 2025 against 2024 · 75 lines
Balance sheet Code20242025
Assets
Total assets20/58€20.3m€20.8m▲
Fixed assets21/28€16.7m€17.9m▲
Intangible fixed assets21€0.6m€0.6m▼
Tangible fixed assets22/27€0.2m€0.1m▼
Plant, machinery and equipment23€0.01m€0.01m▲
Furniture and vehicles24€0.1m€0.07m▼
Other tangible fixed assets26€0.03m€0.02m▼
Financial fixed assets28€16.0m€17.2m▲
Affiliated companies280/1€15.9m€17.2m▲
Participating interests280€15.9m€17.2m▲
Other financial fixed assets284/8€0.04m€0.04m▼
Amounts receivable and cash guarantees285/8€0.04m€0.04m▼
Current assets29/58€3.5m€2.9m▼
Amounts receivable within one year40/41€2.9m€1.4m▼
Trade receivables40€2.0m€1.3m▼
Other amounts receivable41€0.9m€0.04m▼
Cash at bank and in hand54/58€0.5m€1.5m▲
Deferred charges and accrued income490/1€0.03m€0.02m▼
Equity and liabilities
Total equity and liabilities10/49€20.3m€20.8m▲
Equity10/15€1.2m€2.1m▲
Contributions10/11€0.2m€0.2m=
Capital10€0.2m€0.2m=
Issued capital100€0.2m€0.2m=
Reserves13€1.0m€1.9m▲
Non-distributable reserves130/1€0.02m€0.02m=
Legal reserve130€0.02m€0.02m=
Tax-exempt reserves132€476€476=
Distributable reserves133€1.0m€1.8m▲
Amounts payable17/49€19.1m€18.7m▼
Amounts payable after more than one year17€15.0m€14.7m▼
Financial debts170/4€15.0m€14.7m▼
Other loans174€15.0m€14.7m▼
Amounts payable within one year42/48€3.4m€3.4m▲
Trade debts44€0.9m€0.9m▲
Suppliers440/4€0.9m€0.9m▲
Advances received on contracts in progress46-€0.02m
Taxes, remuneration and social security45€0.4m€0.3m▼
Taxes450/3€0.08m€0.05m▼
Remuneration and social security454/9€0.3m€0.3m▼
Other amounts payable47/48€2.1m€2.1m▲
Accrued charges and deferred income492/3€0.6m€0.6m▼
Income statement Code20242025
Operating income70/76A€10.0m€8.4m▼
Turnover70€9.9m€8.3m▼
Other operating income74€0.03m€0.02m▼
Non-recurring operating income76A€0.03m€0.005m▼
Operating charges60/66A€9.1m€8.0m▼
Goods for resale, raw materials and consumables60€5.1m€4.1m▼
Purchases600/8€5.1m€4.1m▼
Services and other goods61€0.7m€0.8m▲
Remuneration, social security and pensions62€3.1m€2.9m▼
Depreciation of and write-downs on formation expenses, intangible and tangible fixed assets630€0.2m€0.2m▲
Write-downs on stocks, contracts in progress and trade receivables: additions (reversals)631/4-€0.006m-€0.005m▲
Other operating charges640/8€0.02m€0.01m▼
Non-recurring operating charges66A€0.02m€0.02m▲
Operating profit (loss)9901€0.8m€0.3m▼
Financial income75/76B€2.0m€2.0m▼
Recurring financial income75€2.0m€2.0m▼
Income from financial fixed assets750€2.0m€2.0m=
Income from current assets751€0.04m€0.008m▼
Other financial income752/9€0.007m€0.002m▼
Financial charges65/66B€0.8m€0.7m▼
Recurring financial charges65€0.8m€0.7m▼
Debt charges650€0.8m€0.7m▼
Other financial charges652/9€0.009m€0.006m▼
Profit (loss) for the period before taxes9903€2.1m€1.7m▼
Income taxes67/77€410€462▲
Taxes670/3€410€462▲
Profit (loss) for the period9904€2.1m€1.7m▼
Profit (loss) for the period to be appropriated9905€2.1m€1.7m▼
Appropriation of the result
Profit (loss) to be appropriated9906€2.1m€1.7m▼
Transfer to equity691/2€0.004m€0.9m▲
To other reserves6921€0.004m€0.9m▲
Profit to be distributed694/7€2.1m€0.8m▼
Return on contributions (dividend)694€2.1m€0.8m▼
Social balance sheet
Average headcount (FTE)908746.742.4▼

The notes to these accounts (64 items: statements of assets and debts, cost breakdowns, rights and commitments) are not shown here.

Line20182019202020212022202320242025Change
Operating income70/76A----€10.1m€10.6m€10.0m€8.4m▼ 15.9%
Turnover70----€10.0m€10.5m€9.9m€8.3m▼ 15.8%
Other operating income74----€0.04m€0.03m€0.03m€0.02m▼ 10.8%
Non-recurring operating income76A---€0.01m€0.03m€0.05m€0.03m€0.005m▼ 84.3%
Operating charges60/66A----€9.2m€10.3m€9.1m€8.0m▼ 11.8%
Goods for resale, raw materials and consumables60----€5.3m€5.7m€5.1m€4.1m▼ 18.9%
Purchases600/8----€5.3m€5.7m€5.1m€4.1m▼ 18.9%
Services and other goods61----€1.1m€0.8m€0.7m€0.8m▲ 4.7%
Remuneration, social security and pensions62---€2.2m€2.5m€3.2m€3.1m€2.9m▼ 5.1%
Depreciation of and write-downs on formation expenses, intangible and tangible fixed assets630€0.2m€0.3m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.1m€0.2m€0.2m▲ 4.8%
Write-downs on stocks, contracts in progress and trade receivables: additions (reversals)631/4---€0.008m€0.002m€0.001m-€0.006m-€0.005m▲ 21.5%
Other operating charges640/8---€0.005m€0.004m€0.006m€0.02m€0.01m▼ 16.8%
Non-recurring operating charges66A---€0.006m€0.02m€0.4m€0.02m€0.02m▲ 26.4%
Gross operating margin9900€2.2m€2.4m€3.0m€4.0m-----
Operating profit (loss)9901€0.2m€0.2m€0.7m€1.5m€0.9m€0.3m€0.8m€0.3m▼ 60.9%
Financial income75/76B---€0.005m€0.008m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m▼ 1.8%
Recurring financial income75€0.03m€0.02m€0.004m€0.005m€0.008m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m▼ 1.8%
Income from financial fixed assets750-----€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m=
Income from current assets751----€0.005m€0.02m€0.04m€0.008m▼ 80.3%
Other financial income752/9----€0.003m€0.004m€0.007m€0.002m▼ 72.9%
Financial charges65/66B---€0.006m€0.006m€0.7m€0.8m€0.7m▼ 18.1%
Recurring financial charges65€0.01m€0.009m€0.01m€0.006m€0.006m€0.7m€0.8m€0.7m▼ 18.1%
Debt charges650----€0.001m€0.7m€0.8m€0.7m▼ 17.9%
Other financial charges652/9----€0.006m€0.006m€0.009m€0.006m▼ 31.5%
Profit (loss) for the period before taxes9903€0.3m€0.2m€0.7m€1.5m€0.9m€1.5m€2.1m€1.7m▼ 19.5%
Income taxes67/77€0.07m€0.06m€0.2m€0.4m€0.2m€0.001m€410€462▲ 12.7%
Taxes670/3----€0.2m€0.001m€410€462▲ 12.7%
Profit (loss) for the period9904€0.2m€0.1m€0.5m€1.1m€0.6m€1.5m€2.1m€1.7m▼ 19.5%
Profit (loss) for the period to be appropriated9905€0.2m€0.1m€0.5m€1.1m€0.6m€1.5m€2.1m€1.7m▼ 19.5%
Line20182019202020212022202320242025Change
Assets
Total assets20/58€2.9m€3.2m€2.7m€4.2m€3.6m€19.1m€20.3m€20.8m▲ 2.5%
Fixed assets21/28€1.0m€1.2m€0.8m€0.6m€0.4m€15.8m€16.7m€17.9m▲ 6.8%
Intangible fixed assets21€0.6m€0.9m€0.7m€0.5m€0.3m€0.6m€0.6m€0.6m▼ 12.9%
Tangible fixed assets22/27€0.4m€0.4m€0.1m€0.1m€0.1m€0.2m€0.2m€0.1m▼ 30.8%
Plant, machinery and equipment23---€0.03m€0.03m€0.02m€0.01m€0.01m▲ 4.8%
Furniture and vehicles24---€0.08m€0.07m€0.1m€0.1m€0.07m▼ 35.7%
Other tangible fixed assets26------€0.03m€0.02m▼ 22.6%
Financial fixed assets28€0.009m€0.008m€0.01m€0.01m€0.03m€15.0m€16.0m€17.2m▲ 7.9%
Affiliated companies280/1-----€14.9m€15.9m€17.2m▲ 8.0%
Participating interests280-----€14.9m€15.9m€17.2m▲ 8.0%
Other financial fixed assets284/8----€0.03m€0.04m€0.04m€0.04m▼ 4.4%
Amounts receivable and cash guarantees285/8----€0.03m€0.04m€0.04m€0.04m▼ 4.4%
Current assets29/58€1.9m€1.9m€1.9m€3.6m€3.1m€3.4m€3.5m€2.9m▼ 17.9%
Amounts receivable within one year40/41€1.4m€1.6m€1.4m€3.0m€1.7m€2.6m€2.9m€1.4m▼ 53.9%
Trade receivables40---€1.9m€1.5m€1.7m€2.0m€1.3m▼ 35.2%
Other amounts receivable41---€1.1m€0.2m€0.9m€0.9m€0.04m▼ 96.1%
Cash at bank and in hand54/58€0.4m€0.3m€0.4m€0.5m€1.4m€0.7m€0.5m€1.5m▲ 184%
Deferred charges and accrued income490/1---€0.06m€0.04m€0.05m€0.03m€0.02m▼ 26.2%
Equity and liabilities
Total equity and liabilities10/49€2.9m€3.2m€2.7m€4.2m€3.6m€19.1m€20.3m€20.8m▲ 2.5%
Equity10/15€1.1m€1.2m€1.4m€1.2m€1.2m€1.2m€1.2m€2.1m▲ 72.4%
Contributions10/11€0.3m€0.3m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m=
Capital10---€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m=
Issued capital100---€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m=
Reserves13€0.8m€0.9m€1.2m€1.0m€1.0m€1.0m€1.0m€1.9m▲ 88.5%
Non-distributable reserves130/1---€0.02m€0.02m€0.02m€0.02m€0.02m=
Legal reserve130---€0.02m€0.02m€0.02m€0.02m€0.02m=
Tax-exempt reserves132---€476€476€476€476€476=
Distributable reserves133---€0.9m€1.0m€1.0m€1.0m€1.8m▲ 90.5%
Amounts payable17/49€1.8m€2.0m€1.3m€3.0m€2.4m€17.9m€19.1m€18.7m▼ 1.9%
Amounts payable after more than one year17€0.04m€0.2m€0.002m€343-€14.2m€15.0m€14.7m▼ 2.2%
Financial debts170/4---€343-€14.2m€15.0m€14.7m▼ 2.2%
Other loans174-----€14.2m€15.0m€14.7m▼ 2.2%
Amounts payable within one year42/48€1.5m€1.4m€1.0m€2.5m€1.9m€3.1m€3.4m€3.4m▲ 0.9%
Current portion of amounts payable after more than one year42---€0.002m€343----
Trade debts44€0.7m€0.6m€0.7m€0.9m€0.8m€1.1m€0.9m€0.9m▲ 4.9%
Suppliers440/4---€0.9m€0.8m€1.1m€0.9m€0.9m▲ 4.9%
Advances received on contracts in progress46----€0.007m€0.02m-€0.02m-
Taxes, remuneration and social security45---€0.3m€0.5m€0.4m€0.4m€0.3m▼ 15.2%
Taxes450/3---€0.001m€0.2m€0.08m€0.08m€0.05m▼ 35.7%
Remuneration and social security454/9---€0.3m€0.3m€0.4m€0.3m€0.3m▼ 10.3%
Other amounts payable47/48---€1.4m€0.6m€1.5m€2.1m€2.1m▲ 1.5%
Accrued charges and deferred income492/3---€0.5m€0.4m€0.6m€0.6m€0.6m▼ 9.3%
Line20182019202020212022202320242025Change
Profit (loss) for the period9904€0.2m€0.1m€0.5m€1.1m€0.6m€1.5m€2.1m€1.7m▼ 19.5%
+ Depreciation and write-downs630€0.2m€0.3m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.1m€0.2m€0.2m▲ 4.8%
Operating cash flow (approximation)€0.4m€0.4m€0.8m€1.4m€0.9m€1.7m€2.2m€1.8m▼ 17.7%
Investment in fixed assets (approximation)--€0.5m€0.2m-€0.004m-€0.05m-€15.5m-€1.2m-€1.3m▼ 13.2%
Change in cash--€0.1m€0.1m€0.05m€0.9m-€0.6m-€0.2m€1.0m-

Simplified and derived: a Belgian filing has no cash-flow statement, so these rows come from the income statement and the balance-sheet moves.

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Latest 10 of 30 filings with the National Bank
Financial year Type Filed Reference
31-12-2025 full format 03-06-2026 2026-00136587
31-12-2024 full format 18-06-2025 2025-00151687
31-12-2023 full format 01-07-2024 2024-00194824
31-12-2022 full format 31-08-2023 2023-00406343
31-12-2021 abbreviated format 01-06-2022 2022-20042348
31-12-2020 abbreviated format 04-06-2021 2021-17000431
31-12-2019 abbreviated format 03-06-2020 2020-14100117
31-12-2018 abbreviated format 04-06-2019 2019-15400590
31-12-2017 abbreviated format 02-04-2018 2018-08100586
31-12-2016 abbreviated format 29-05-2017 2017-13700451

Show all 30 filings

Subsidies and aid

Flemish government

2022 to 2025 · 5 entries · €8,556 awarded · €9,078 paid
Year Entries AwardedPaid
2025 1 -€1,500€0
2024 2 €9,000€7,638
2023 1 €835€1,440
2022 1 €221€0
Schemes
2 entries · €7,500 · €7,500 paid · Departement Werk en Sociale Economie
3 entries · €1,056 · €1,578 paid · Fonds voor Innoveren en Ondernemen

Public contracts

12 awards · 2022 to 2025
Gunning P/2024/TOLKEN: P/2024/TOLKEN/2 - Tolken Brussels Parlement
buyer: Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-CapitaleBusiness servicesawarded 16-06-2025€347,87539 tendersTED 462083-2025
Gunning P/2024/TOLKEN: P/2024/TOLKEN/2 - Brusselse ombudsdienst
buyer: Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-CapitaleBusiness servicesawarded 16-06-2025€15,24633 tendersTED 462083-2025
2023/HFB/OP/107583 - Raamovereenkomst voor schriftelijke vertaaldiensten, revisie, transcriptie, voice-over en ondertiteling.: Vertaaldiensten en aansluitende dienstverlening in Europese en niet-Europese talen.
buyer: Vlaamse OverheidBusiness servicesawarded 18-03-2024€1.3m4 tendersTED 173049-2024
2023/HFB/OP/107583 - Raamovereenkomst voor schriftelijke vertaaldiensten, revisie, transcriptie, voice-over en ondertiteling.: Vertaaldiensten en aansluitende dienstverlening in Europese en niet-Europese talen.
buyer: Vlaamse OverheidBusiness servicesawarded 18-03-2024€1.9m4 tendersTED 173049-2024
2023/HFB/OP/107583 - Raamovereenkomst voor schriftelijke vertaaldiensten, revisie, transcriptie, voice-over en ondertiteling.: Vertaaldiensten en aansluitende dienstverlening in Europese en niet-Europese talen.
buyer: Vlaamse OverheidBusiness servicesawarded 18-03-2024€1.3m4 tendersTED 173049-2024
Show 7 more contracts
2023/HFB/OP/107583 - Raamovereenkomst voor schriftelijke vertaaldiensten, revisie, transcriptie, voice-over en ondertiteling.: Vertaaldiensten en aansluitende dienstverlening in de landstalen (Nederlands, Frans, Duits) en Engels.
buyer: Vlaamse OverheidBusiness servicesawarded 04-03-2024€888,8085 tendersTED 173049-2024
2023/HFB/OP/107583 - Raamovereenkomst voor schriftelijke vertaaldiensten, revisie, transcriptie, voice-over en ondertiteling.: Vertaaldiensten en aansluitende dienstverlening in de landstalen (Nederlands, Frans, Duits) en Engels.
buyer: Vlaamse OverheidBusiness servicesawarded 04-03-2024€875,9515 tendersTED 173049-2024
Vertaaldiensten en tolkdiensten: Vertaaldiensten en reviseren in nationale talen
buyer: Centrale d'achat Groupe MC-CM asblBusiness servicesawarded 21-09-2023€33,0008 tendersTED 633238-2023
Vertaaldiensten en tolkdiensten: Vertaaldiensten voor Europese en extra-Europese talen
buyer: Centrale d'achat Groupe MC-CM asblBusiness servicesawarded 21-09-2023€16,2007 tendersTED 633238-2023
Vertaaldiensten en tolkdiensten: Services d’interprétation
buyer: Centrale d'achat Groupe MC-CM asblBusiness servicesawarded 21-09-2023€63,0606 tendersTED 633238-2023
Aanstellen van een externe partner voor vertaalopdrachten online les-materiaal MO
buyer: Agentschap Integratie en InburgeringBusiness servicesawarded 16-05-2022€417,0003 tendersTED 271395-2022
Services de traduction : NL, FR, EN, DE: CONTRAT Traductions – Main supplier Lot 4
buyer: ELIA GroupBusiness servicesawarded 26-01-2022TED 158936-2022

Source: TED (Tenders Electronic Daily), Publications Office of the European Union. Values as the buyer published them; for a framework agreement, a ceiling.