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VM BUILDING SOLUTIONS

Active Risk: not assessed
Public limited companyfounded 1988active for 38 yearsEuropalaan 73, 9800 Deinze, BelgiumKBO/BCE: BE 0434.559.604
Summary

VM BUILDING SOLUTIONS has a registered holding activity and consists mainly of financial fixed assets; the bankruptcy model is trained on trading and manufacturing companies and does not apply here. The 2025 annual accounts show equity of €41.5m and a net result of €19.2m. Equity is growing by about 3.6% per year across the filed financial years. Its solvency ranks better than 33% of 6,035 sector peers (NACE 46, financial year 2025). The company has been active since 1988 and the Belgian Official Gazette contains no insolvency or warning signals.

Financials · financial year 2025, full format

Turnover
€176.6m▼ 3.7%
2024 · €183.4m
EBIT margin
11.1%=
2024 · 11.2%
Net result
€19.2m▼ 9.5%
2024 · €21.3m
Working capital
€5.1m▲ 1.0%
2024 · €5.1m
Trend over the years

2021 to 2025, 5 financial years 2018 to 2025, 8 financial years

The operating result falls in 2025; 2025 is 4% below 2024.

What the company sold each financial year and what was left of it. A loss stands below the zero line.

Turnover€176.6m 2025 Operating result€19.7m 2025 Net result€19.2m 2025

Use the arrow keys on the chart for the figures per year.

Sector: the middle half of NACE 46, Wholesale trade: a quarter of companies sit below it, a quarter above. Each year compared with accounts in the same format, and only where there are at least 30. Dashed line: the median. Available for Net result, Equity, Total assets, Working capital, Solvency, Current ratio, Return on assets (ROA), Staff (FTE).

Every figure with its change against the financial year before
favourable unfavourable
Line20182019202020212022202320242025
Turnover€77.8m-€75.9m▼ 2.5%€153.5m▲ 102%€175.3m▲ 14.2%€182.4m▲ 4.1%€169.4m▼ 7.1%€183.4m▲ 8.3%€176.6m▼ 3.7%
Operating result€11.0m--€8.7m€11.2m€8.9m▼ 20.3%-€1.9m€5.0m€20.5m▲ 307%€19.7m▼ 4.1%
Net result€6.9m--€6.4m€10.9mabove the sector's middle half€9.3mabove the sector's middle half▼ 14.7%€1.9mabove the sector's middle half▼ 79.3%€5.0mabove the sector's middle half▲ 160%€21.3mabove the sector's middle half▲ 328%€19.2mabove the sector's middle half▼ 9.5%
EBIT margin14.2%--11.4%▼ 25.6pp7.3%▲ 18.8pp5.1%▼ 2.2pp-1.1%▼ 6.2pp3.0%▲ 4.0pp11.2%▲ 8.2pp11.1%=
Equity€34.1m-€27.8m▼ 18.6%€38.6mabove the sector's middle half▲ 39.1%€11.6mabove the sector's middle half▼ 70.0%€13.5mabove the sector's middle half▲ 16.6%€18.5mabove the sector's middle half▲ 36.9%€39.7mabove the sector's middle half▲ 115%€41.5mabove the sector's middle half▲ 4.4%
Total assets€118.1m-€135.2m▲ 14.6%€139.0mabove the sector's middle half▲ 2.8%€134.2mabove the sector's middle half▼ 3.5%€148.8mabove the sector's middle half▲ 10.9%€123.6mabove the sector's middle half▼ 16.9%€130.0mabove the sector's middle half▲ 5.1%€137.4mabove the sector's middle half▲ 5.7%
Debt€83.7m-€96.5m▲ 15.4%€92.6m▼ 4.1%€117.3m▲ 26.7%€134.2m▲ 14.4%€104.4m▼ 22.2%€88.1m▼ 15.6%€87.7m▼ 0.5%
Working capital€37.6m-€42.0m▲ 11.7%€17.4mabove the sector's middle half▼ 58.6%-€5.3mbelow the sector's middle half-€31.6mbelow the sector's middle half▼ 494%-€9.5mbelow the sector's middle half▲ 69.8%€5.1mabove the sector's middle half€5.1mabove the sector's middle half▲ 1.0%
Solvency28.9%-20.5%▼ 8.4pp27.8%within the sector's middle half▲ 7.2pp8.6%below the sector's middle half▼ 19.2pp9.1%below the sector's middle half▲ 0.4pp14.9%below the sector's middle half▲ 5.9pp30.6%within the sector's middle half▲ 15.6pp30.2%within the sector's middle half▼ 0.4pp
Current ratio3.02-2.99▼ 0.031.45within the sector's middle half▼ 1.530.91below the sector's middle half▼ 0.550.51below the sector's middle half▼ 0.400.76below the sector's middle half▲ 0.251.15below the sector's middle half▲ 0.391.12below the sector's middle half▼ 0.03
Return on assets (ROA)5.9%--4.7%▼ 10.6pp7.8%within the sector's middle half▲ 12.5pp6.9%within the sector's middle half▼ 0.9pp1.3%within the sector's middle half▼ 5.6pp4.0%within the sector's middle half▲ 2.7pp16.4%above the sector's middle half▲ 12.3pp14.0%above the sector's middle half▼ 2.4pp
Staff (FTE)76.1-71.1▼ 6.6%99.2above the sector's middle half▲ 39.5%96.3above the sector's middle half▼ 2.9%94above the sector's middle half▼ 2.4%85.6above the sector's middle half▼ 8.9%74.2above the sector's middle half▼ 13.3%73.6above the sector's middle half▼ 0.8%
above within below the middle half of NACE 46, Wholesale trade: a quarter of companies sit below it, a quarter above. Each year compared with accounts in the same format, and only where there are at least 30.
Balance-sheet composition
2025 in colour, 2024 as the grey bar beneath
Assets €137.4m
Fixed assets €89.1m ▼ 2.4%
Current assets €48.2m ▲ 24.7%
Equity and liabilities €137.4m
Equity €41.5m ▲ 4.4%
Provisions €8.1m ▲ 290%
Debt €87.7m ▼ 0.5%
Debt's share of the balance-sheet total falls from 67.8% to 63.9%. Equity is higher and debt is lower.
Key figures and ratios
2025 value · change against 2024
ROE
46.4%▼
2024 · 53.5%
Debt ≤ 1 year
€43.1m▲
2024 · €33.6m
Debt > 1 year
€44.2m▼
2024 · €54.2m
Income taxes
€4.6m▲
2024 · €2.3m
Staff costs
€9.2m▲
2024 · €9.0m
Green means a favourable move, even when the figure itself falls: as with debt or debt to equity.
Annual accounts
Filed annual accounts As filed with the NBB · 2025 against 2024 · 91 lines
Balance sheet Code20242025
Assets
Total assets20/58€130.0m€137.4m▲
Fixed assets21/28€91.3m€89.1m▼
Intangible fixed assets21€15.6m€13.4m▼
Tangible fixed assets22/27€0.9m€0.9m▲
Plant, machinery and equipment23€0.2m€0.1m▼
Furniture and vehicles24€0.3m€0.2m▼
Other tangible fixed assets26€0.4m€0.4m▼
Assets under construction and advance payments27€0.03m€0.3m▲
Financial fixed assets28€74.8m€74.8m=
Affiliated companies280/1€74.8m€74.8m=
Participating interests280€74.8m€74.8m=
Other financial fixed assets284/8€0.003m€0.003m▼
Amounts receivable and cash guarantees285/8€0.003m€0.003m▼
Current assets29/58€38.7m€48.2m▲
Stocks and contracts in progress3€8.0m€11.2m▲
Stocks30/36€8.0m€11.2m▲
Raw materials and consumables30/31€0.5m€0.5m▼
Goods purchased for resale34€7.5m€10.7m▲
Amounts receivable within one year40/41€30.1m€36.2m▲
Trade receivables40€29.9m€28.4m▼
Other amounts receivable41€0.1m€7.8m▲
Cash at bank and in hand54/58€0.002m€0.001m▼
Deferred charges and accrued income490/1€0.6m€0.8m▲
Equity and liabilities
Total equity and liabilities10/49€130.0m€137.4m▲
Equity10/15€39.7m€41.5m▲
Contributions10/11€2.0m€2.0m=
Capital10€2.0m€2.0m=
Issued capital100€2.0m€2.0m=
Reserves13€3.2m€3.2m=
Non-distributable reserves130/1€0.2m€0.2m=
Legal reserve130€0.2m€0.2m=
Tax-exempt reserves132€2.5m€1.1m▼
Distributable reserves133€0.5m€2.0m▲
Profit (loss) carried forward14€34.5m€36.2m▲
Provisions and deferred taxes16€2.1m€8.1m▲
Provisions for liabilities and charges160/5€2.1m€8.1m▲
Pensions and similar obligations160€0.2m€0.06m▼
Other liabilities and charges164/5€1.9m€8.1m▲
Amounts payable17/49€88.1m€87.7m▼
Amounts payable after more than one year17€54.2m€44.2m▼
Financial debts170/4€54.2m€44.2m▼
Credit institutions173€54.2m€44.2m▼
Amounts payable within one year42/48€33.6m€43.1m▲
Trade debts44€24.7m€22.3m▼
Suppliers440/4€24.7m€22.3m▼
Advances received on contracts in progress46€0.2m€0.2m▼
Taxes, remuneration and social security45€2.2m€3.1m▲
Taxes450/3€0.9m€1.6m▲
Remuneration and social security454/9€1.4m€1.5m▲
Other amounts payable47/48€6.5m€17.5m▲
Accrued charges and deferred income492/3€0.4m€0.5m▲
Income statement Code20242025
Operating income70/76A€184.6m€187.8m▲
Turnover70€183.4m€176.6m▼
Other operating income74€1.1m€2.6m▲
Non-recurring operating income76A€0.1m€8.5m▲
Operating charges60/66A€164.1m€168.1m▲
Goods for resale, raw materials and consumables60€128.4m€127.1m▼
Purchases600/8€127.3m€130.3m▲
Change in stocks: decrease (increase)609€1.2m-€3.2m▼
Services and other goods61€22.3m€22.8m▲
Remuneration, social security and pensions62€9.0m€9.2m▲
Depreciation of and write-downs on formation expenses, intangible and tangible fixed assets630€2.6m€2.5m▼
Write-downs on stocks, contracts in progress and trade receivables: additions (reversals)631/4-€0.2m€0.008m▲
Provisions for liabilities and charges: additions (uses and reversals)635/8€1.4m-€2.3m▼
Other operating charges640/8€0.09m€0.3m▲
Non-recurring operating charges66A€0.6m€8.4m▲
Operating profit (loss)9901€20.5m€19.7m▼
Financial income75/76B€11.0m€10.0m▼
Recurring financial income75€11.0m€9.9m▼
Income from financial fixed assets750€9.5m€8.4m▼
Other financial income752/9€1.5m€1.5m▼
Non-recurring financial income76B-€0.06m
Financial charges65/66B€8.0m€5.8m▼
Recurring financial charges65€8.0m€5.8m▼
Debt charges650€4.8m€2.7m▼
Other financial charges652/9€3.2m€3.2m▼
Non-recurring financial charges66B€0.002m€1▼
Profit (loss) for the period before taxes9903€23.5m€23.8m▲
Income taxes67/77€2.3m€4.6m▲
Taxes670/3€2.3m€4.6m▲
Profit (loss) for the period9904€21.3m€19.2m▼
Transfer from tax-exempt reserves789€0.5m€1.4m▲
Transfer to tax-exempt reserves689€1.0m-
Profit (loss) for the period to be appropriated9905€20.8m€20.7m▼
Appropriation of the result
Profit (loss) to be appropriated9906€35.0m€55.1m▲
Profit (loss) brought forward from the previous period14P€14.2m€34.5m▲
Transfer to equity691/2€0.5m€1.4m▲
To other reserves6921€0.5m€1.4m▲
Profit to be distributed694/7-€17.5m
Return on contributions (dividend)694-€17.5m
Social balance sheet
Average headcount (FTE)908774.273.6▼

The notes to these accounts (92 items: statements of assets and debts, cost breakdowns, rights and commitments) are not shown here.

Line20182019202020212022202320242025Change
Operating income70/76A---€176.7m€184.1m€170.8m€184.6m€187.8m▲ 1.7%
Turnover70€77.8m€75.9m€153.5m€175.3m€182.4m€169.4m€183.4m€176.6m▼ 3.7%
Other operating income74---€1.4m€1.5m€1.2m€1.1m€2.6m▲ 129%
Non-recurring operating income76A---€0.08m€0.1m€0.1m€0.1m€8.5m▲ 8,343%
Operating charges60/66A---€167.8m€186.0m€165.7m€164.1m€168.1m▲ 2.4%
Goods for resale, raw materials and consumables60---€137.6m€151.5m€128.2m€128.4m€127.1m▼ 1.0%
Purchases600/8---€137.0m€153.1m€124.7m€127.3m€130.3m▲ 2.4%
Change in stocks: decrease (increase)609---€0.6m-€1.6m€3.5m€1.2m-€3.2m-
Services and other goods61---€18.5m€23.1m€25.0m€22.3m€22.8m▲ 2.1%
Remuneration, social security and pensions62---€9.2m€10.3m€9.7m€9.0m€9.2m▲ 3.2%
Depreciation of and write-downs on formation expenses, intangible and tangible fixed assets630€0.4m€0.4m€1.2m€1.2m€1.5m€2.5m€2.6m€2.5m▼ 0.6%
Write-downs on stocks, contracts in progress and trade receivables: additions (reversals)631/4----€0.02m-€0.3m€0.06m-€0.2m€0.008m-
Provisions for liabilities and charges: additions (uses and reversals)635/8----€0.1m-€0.6m-€0.2m€1.4m-€2.3m-
Other operating charges640/8---€0.2m€0.1m€0.05m€0.09m€0.3m▲ 222%
Non-recurring operating charges66A---€1.2m€0.3m€0.4m€0.6m€8.4m▲ 1,341%
Operating profit (loss)9901€11.0m-€8.7m€11.2m€8.9m-€1.9m€5.0m€20.5m€19.7m▼ 4.1%
Financial income75/76B---€5.8m€10.5m€10.2m€11.0m€10.0m▼ 9.5%
Recurring financial income75€0.7m€5.0m€4.2m€5.8m€10.5m€10.2m€11.0m€9.9m▼ 10.0%
Income from financial fixed assets750---€3.6m€8.6m€8.3m€9.5m€8.4m▼ 11.1%
Income from current assets751---€0.6m€0.8m€0.3m---
Other financial income752/9---€1.6m€1.1m€1.7m€1.5m€1.5m▼ 3.3%
Non-recurring financial income76B-------€0.06m-
Financial charges65/66B---€3.9m€6.6m€10.2m€8.0m€5.8m▼ 26.9%
Recurring financial charges65€2.2m€2.6m€3.9m€3.9m€5.2m€8.1m€8.0m€5.8m▼ 26.9%
Debt charges650€2.0m€1.8m€1.7m€1.8m€2.2m€4.8m€4.8m€2.7m▼ 44.6%
Other financial charges652/9---€2.1m€3.0m€3.3m€3.2m€3.2m▼ 0.1%
Non-recurring financial charges66B----€1.3m€2.1m€0.002m€1▼ 100.0%
Profit (loss) for the period before taxes9903€9.6m-€6.3m€11.4m€10.9m€2.0m€5.0m€23.5m€23.8m▲ 1.1%
Income taxes67/77€2.7m€0.1m€0.6m€1.6m€0.04m€0.02m€2.3m€4.6m▲ 102%
Taxes670/3---€4.0m€0.04m€0.02m€2.3m€4.6m▲ 102%
Tax adjustments and reversals of tax provisions77---€2.4m-€403---
Profit (loss) for the period9904€6.9m-€6.4m€10.9m€9.3m€1.9m€5.0m€21.3m€19.2m▼ 9.5%
Transfer from tax-exempt reserves789------€0.5m€1.4m▲ 162%
Transfer to tax-exempt reserves689---€2.0m--€1.0m--
Profit (loss) for the period to be appropriated9905€6.9m-€6.4m€10.9m€7.3m€1.9m€5.0m€20.8m€20.7m▼ 0.6%
Line20182019202020212022202320242025Change
Assets
Total assets20/58€118.1m€135.2m€139.0m€134.2m€148.8m€123.6m€130.0m€137.4m▲ 5.7%
Formation expenses20€0.005m€0-------
Fixed assets21/28€61.8m€72.2m€83.4m€82.2m€116.0m€93.5m€91.3m€89.1m▼ 2.4%
Intangible fixed assets21€0.8m€5.1m€11.0m€10.0m€18.8m€17.6m€15.6m€13.4m▼ 13.8%
Tangible fixed assets22/27€0.5m€0.5m€1.0m€1.1m€1.2m€1.1m€0.9m€0.9m▲ 1.8%
Plant, machinery and equipment23---€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.1m▼ 34.0%
Furniture and vehicles24---€0.5m€0.6m€0.4m€0.3m€0.2m▼ 45.5%
Other tangible fixed assets26---€0.4m€0.3m€0.3m€0.4m€0.4m▼ 8.0%
Assets under construction and advance payments27---€0.01m€0.2m€0.2m€0.03m€0.3m▲ 866%
Financial fixed assets28€60.5m€66.6m€71.5m€71.0m€96.0m€74.8m€74.8m€74.8m=
Affiliated companies280/1---€71.0m€96.0m€74.8m€74.8m€74.8m=
Participating interests280---€50.6m€75.6m€74.8m€74.8m€74.8m=
Amounts receivable281---€20.4m€20.4m€0---
Other financial fixed assets284/8---€456€0.002m€0.003m€0.003m€0.003m▼ 1.0%
Amounts receivable and cash guarantees285/8---€456€0.002m€0.003m€0.003m€0.003m▼ 1.0%
Current assets29/58€56.2m€63.1m€55.6m€52.1m€32.8m€30.1m€38.7m€48.2m▲ 24.7%
Stocks and contracts in progress3€6.2m€7.4m€11.3m€10.7m€12.6m€9.0m€8.0m€11.2m▲ 40.2%
Stocks30/36---€10.7m€12.6m€9.0m€8.0m€11.2m▲ 40.2%
Raw materials and consumables30/31---€0.4m€0.5m€0.5m€0.5m€0.5m▼ 1.8%
Work in progress32---€0.002m€0.001m----
Goods purchased for resale34---€10.3m€12.2m€8.6m€7.5m€10.7m▲ 43.1%
Amounts receivable within one year40/41€28.7m€34.5m€42.1m€39.8m€18.9m€20.4m€30.1m€36.2m▲ 20.4%
Trade receivables40---€18.4m€13.7m€18.9m€29.9m€28.4m▼ 5.0%
Other amounts receivable41---€21.4m€5.2m€1.4m€0.1m€7.8m▲ 5,299%
Cash at bank and in hand54/58€1.4m€0.8m€1.5m€1.2m€0.2m€0.004m€0.002m€0.001m▼ 50.0%
Deferred charges and accrued income490/1---€0.3m€1.1m€0.7m€0.6m€0.8m▲ 32.2%
Equity and liabilities
Total equity and liabilities10/49€118.1m€135.2m€139.0m€134.2m€148.8m€123.6m€130.0m€137.4m▲ 5.7%
Equity10/15€34.1m€27.8m€38.6m€11.6m€13.5m€18.5m€39.7m€41.5m▲ 4.4%
Contributions10/11€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m=
Capital10---€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m=
Issued capital100---€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m=
Reserves13€10.3m€10.3m€10.3m€2.2m€2.2m€2.2m€3.2m€3.2m=
Non-distributable reserves130/1---€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m=
Legal reserve130---€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m€0.2m=
Tax-exempt reserves132---€2.0m€2.0m€2.0m€2.5m€1.1m▼ 57.7%
Distributable reserves133------€0.5m€2.0m▲ 262%
Profit (loss) carried forward14€21.8m€15.5m€26.3m€7.3m€9.2m€14.2m€34.5m€36.2m▲ 5.1%
Provisions and deferred taxes16€0.2m€10.9m€7.9m€5.4m€1.2m€0.7m€2.1m€8.1m▲ 290%
Provisions for liabilities and charges160/5---€5.4m€1.2m€0.7m€2.1m€8.1m▲ 290%
Pensions and similar obligations160---€1.1m€0.3m€0.3m€0.2m€0.06m▼ 59.1%
Other liabilities and charges164/5---€4.3m€0.9m€0.4m€1.9m€8.1m▲ 318%
Amounts payable17/49€83.7m€96.5m€92.6m€117.3m€134.2m€104.4m€88.1m€87.7m▼ 0.5%
Amounts payable after more than one year17€64.7m€69.6m€54.3m€59.8m€69.2m€64.3m€54.2m€44.2m▼ 18.5%
Financial debts170/4---€59.8m€69.2m€64.3m€54.2m€44.2m▼ 18.5%
Credit institutions173---€55.0m€64.3m€64.3m€54.2m€44.2m▼ 18.5%
Other loans174---€4.8m€4.8m€0---
Amounts payable within one year42/48€18.6m€21.1m€38.2m€57.4m€64.4m€39.6m€33.6m€43.1m▲ 28.2%
Current portion of amounts payable after more than one year42---€12.6m-----
Financial debts43---€10.8m-----
Credit institutions430/8---€10.8m-----
Trade debts44€5.6m€11.5m€24.8m€30.8m€55.3m€25.1m€24.7m€22.3m▼ 9.8%
Suppliers440/4---€30.8m€55.3m€25.1m€24.7m€22.3m▼ 9.8%
Advances received on contracts in progress46------€0.2m€0.2m▼ 2.9%
Taxes, remuneration and social security45---€2.8m€2.8m€1.8m€2.2m€3.1m▲ 40.0%
Taxes450/3---€1.3m€0.9m€0.5m€0.9m€1.6m▲ 85.8%
Remuneration and social security454/9---€1.4m€1.9m€1.3m€1.4m€1.5m▲ 10.8%
Other amounts payable47/48---€0.5m€6.3m€12.7m€6.5m€17.5m▲ 171%
Accrued charges and deferred income492/3---€0.1m€0.6m€0.4m€0.4m€0.5m▲ 29.3%
Line20182019202020212022202320242025Change
Profit (loss) for the period9904€6.9m-€6.4m€10.9m€9.3m€1.9m€5.0m€21.3m€19.2m▼ 9.5%
+ Depreciation and write-downs630€0.4m€0.4m€1.2m€1.2m€1.5m€2.5m€2.6m€2.5m▼ 0.6%
Operating cash flow (approximation)€7.4m-€6.0m€12.1m€10.5m€3.4m€7.5m€23.8m€21.8m▼ 8.6%
Investment in fixed assets (approximation)--€10.7m-€12.5m€0.05m-€35.4m€20.0m-€0.3m-€0.4m▼ 24.3%
Change in cash--€0.7m€0.7m-€0.3m-€1.0m-€0.2m-€0.002m-€0.001m▲ 61.7%

Simplified and derived: a Belgian filing has no cash-flow statement, so these rows come from the income statement and the balance-sheet moves.

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Latest 10 of 37 filings with the National Bank
Financial year Type Filed Reference
31-12-2025 full format 15-06-2026 2026-00166446
31-12-2024 full format 18-06-2025 2025-00153946
31-12-2023 full format 28-05-2024 2024-00098702
31-12-2022 full format 13-06-2023 2023-00128975
31-12-2021 full format 13-06-2022 2022-20062525
31-12-2020 full format 31-05-2021 2021-16200223
31-12-2019 full format 02-06-2020 2020-14700550
31-12-2018 full format 11-06-2019 2019-17600175
31-12-2017 full format 29-05-2018 2018-14700420
31-12-2016 full format 13-04-2017 2017-09600507

Show all 37 filings

Similar companies · same sector, comparable size

Of the 1,768 active companies whose main activity is wholesale of construction materials, general range (NACE 46831), figures are known for 1,384. 176 are within a factor 10 of this equity. These 5 are the closest to it. See the whole sector

Subsidies and aid

Flemish government

2022 to 2025 · 7 entries · €55,096 awarded · €55,096 paid
Year Entries AwardedPaid
2025 1 €12,526€12,526
2024 2 €7,855€7,855
2023 2 €17,009€17,009
2022 2 €17,706€17,706
Schemes
3 entries · €33,348 · €33,348 paid · Departement Werk en Sociale Economie
2 entries · €15,611 · €15,611 paid · Departement Werk en Sociale Economie
2 entries · €6,137 · €6,137 paid · Departement Werk en Sociale Economie

Public contracts: No European public contracts awarded found since October 2016. Contracts below the EU thresholds are not in TED.